<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bamer, Alyssa M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jiseon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, Hyewon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salem, Rana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">People with multiple sclerosis report significantly worse symptoms and health related quality of life than the US general population as measured by PROMIS and NeuroQoL outcome measures.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disabil Health J</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-107</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) report fatigue, pain, depression, cognitive difficulties, and other symptoms. It is often difficult to compare symptoms across studies and populations because scales used to measure individual symptoms or quality of life indicators (QOLI) use different metrics and often do not provide norms. PROMIS and Neuro-QOL measures, developed with modern psychometric methods, use a common metric and provide population norms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;OBJECTIVE: &lt;/b&gt;To create symptom profiles and compare symptoms and QOLIs of people living with MS to a US general population sample.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;Data from observational cross-sectional survey studies of 1544 community dwelling individuals with MS were analyzed. T-tests and non-parametric tests were used to examine whether symptoms or QOLIs of people with MS differed from the general US population. Regression analyses were used to adjust differences for age and sex. Measures included PROMIS or NeuroQoL anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance and related impairment, pain interference, physical function, satisfaction with social roles, and applied cognition. Symptom levels were also compared by age, gender, and disability level.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/b&gt;Scores on all health domains were statistically significantly (all p&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;&amp;nbsp;0.001) worse than the general US population and six domains had scores worse by half standard deviation or more. These differences remained significant after adjusting for age and sex.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS: &lt;/b&gt;Individuals with MS report clinically meaningful worse health compared to the general population across multiple health related domains. Symptom profiles utilizing PROMIS or NeuroQoL measures can be used to quickly assess symptom levels in an individual or group.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silverman, Arielle M</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pitonyak, Jennifer S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson, Ian K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matsuda, Patricia N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kartin, Deborah A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molton, Ivan R</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Instilling positive beliefs about disabilities: pilot testing a novel experiential learning activity for rehabilitation students.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disability and Rehabilitation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">occupational therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1292321</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Purpose: To develop and test a novel impairment simulation activity to teach beginning rehabilitation students how people adapt to physical impairments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Methods: Masters of Occupational Therapy students (n&amp;thinsp;=&amp;thinsp;14) and Doctor of Physical Therapy students (n&amp;thinsp;=&amp;thinsp;18) completed the study during the first month of their program. Students were randomized to the experimental or control learning activity. Experimental students learned to perform simple tasks while simulating paraplegia and hemiplegia. Control students viewed videos of others completing tasks with these impairments. Before and after the learning activities, all students estimated average self-perceived health, life satisfaction, and depression ratings among people with paraplegia and hemiplegia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Results: Experimental students increased their estimates of self-perceived health, and decreased their estimates of depression rates, among people with paraplegia and hemiplegia after the learning activity. The control activity had no effect on these estimates.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Conclusions: Impairment simulation can be an effective way to teach rehabilitation students about the adaptations that people make to physical impairments. Positive impairment simulations should allow students to experience success in completing activities of daily living with impairments. Impairment simulation is complementary to other pedagogical methods, such as simulated clinical encounters using standardized patients.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Implication of Rehabilitation:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		It is important for rehabilitation students to learn how people live well with disabilities.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		Impairment simulations can improve students&amp;rsquo; assessments of quality of life with disabilities.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		To be beneficial, impairment simulations must include guided exposure to effective methods for completing daily tasks with disabilities.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epub</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, Hyewon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jiseon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, Ryoungsun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bamer, Alyssa M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bocell, Fraser D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Testing the measurement invariance of the University of Washington Self-Efficacy Scale short form across four diagnostic subgroups.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qual Life Res</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016 Apr 26</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;PURPOSE: The University of Washington Self-Efficacy Scale (UW-SES) was originally developed for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury (SCI). This study evaluates the measurement invariance of the 6-item short form of the UW-SES across four disability subgroups. Evidence of measurement invariance would extend the UW-SES for use in two additional diagnostic groups: muscular dystrophy (MD) and post-polio syndrome (PPS). METHODS: Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate successive levels of measurement invariance of the 6-item short form, the UW-SES: (a) configural invariance, i.e., equivalent item-factor structures between groups; (b) metric invariance, i.e., equivalent unstandardized factor loadings between groups; and (c) scalar invariance, i.e., equivalent item intercepts between groups. Responses from the four groups with different diagnostic disorders were compared: MD (n&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;172), MS (n&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;868), PPS (n&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;225), and SCI (n&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;242). RESULTS: The results of this study support that the most rigorous form of invariance (i.e., scalar) holds for the 6-item short form of the UW-SES across the four diagnostic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that the 6-item short form of the UW-SES has the same meaning across the four diagnostic subgroups. Thus, the 6-item short form is validated for people with MD, MS, PPS, and SCI.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stobbe, G.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hertz, D.</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alschuler, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wundes, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unruh, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalb, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beier, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, K.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MS ECHO: Innovative Project to Improve the Capacity of Providers  in Underserved Areas to Treat MS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Askew, Robert L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jiseon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, Hyewon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ehde, Dawn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombardier, Charles H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft, George H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, Salene M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Kurt L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pain affects depression through anxiety, fatigue, and sleep in multiple sclerosis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabil Psychol</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anxiety Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chronic Pain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Sectional Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depressive Disorder</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatigue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of Life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sleep Wake Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveys and Questionnaires</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-90</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;OBJECTIVE: Over a quarter million individuals in the United States have multiple sclerosis (MS). Chronic pain and depression are disproportionately high in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between chronic pain and depression in MS and to examine potentially meditational effects of anxiety, fatigue, and sleep. METHOD: We used cross-sectional data from self-reported instruments measuring multiple symptoms and quality of life indicators in this study. We used structural equation modeling to model direct and indirect effects of pain on depression in a sample of 1,245 community-dwelling individuals with MS. Pain interference, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance were modeled as latent variables with 2 to 3 indicators each. The model controlled for age, sex, disability status (Expanded Disability Status Scale), and social support. RESULTS: A model with indirect effects of pain on depression had adequate fit and accounted for nearly 80% of the variance in depression. The effects of chronic pain on depression were almost completely mediated by fatigue, anxiety, and sleep disturbance. Higher pain was associated with greater fatigue, anxiety, and sleep disturbance, which in turn were associated with higher levels of depression. The largest mediating effect was through fatigue. Additional analyses excluded items with common content and suggested that the meditational effects observed were not attributable to content overlap across scales. CONCLUSION: Individuals living with MS who report high levels of chronic pain and depressive symptoms may benefit from treatment approaches that can address sleep, fatigue, and anxiety.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, Anna L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chadd, Edmund</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, Mark P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kehn, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kroll, Thilo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An examination of the psychometric properties of the community integration questionnaire (CIQ) in spinal cord injury.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Spinal Cord Med</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014 Jan 3</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epub Ahead of Print</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Objective To examine the psychometric properties of the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) in large samples of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Longitudinal 12-month survey study. Setting Nation-wide, community dwelling. Participants Adults with SCI: 627 at Time 1, 494 at Time 2. Interventions Not applicable. Outcome measures The CIQ is a 15-item measure developed to measure three domains of community integration in individuals with traumatic brain injury: home integration, social integration, and productive activity. SCI consumer input suggested the need for two additional items assessing socializing at home and internet/email activity. Results Exploratory factor analyses at Time 1 indicated three factors. Time 2 confirmatory factor analysis did not show a good fit of the 3-factor model. CIQ scores were normally distributed and only the Productive subscale demonstrated problems with high (25%) ceiling effects. Internal reliability was acceptable for the Total and Home scales, but low for the Social and Productive activity scales. Validity of the CIQ is suggested by significant differences by sex, age, and wheelchair use. Conclusions The factor structure of the CIQ was not stable over time. The CIQ may be most useful for assessing home integration, as this is the subscale with the most scale stability and internal reliability. The CIQ may be improved for use in SCI by including items that reflect higher levels of productive functioning, integration across the life span, and home- and internet-based social functioning.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, Anna L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirsh, Adam T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ehde, Dawn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, Mark P</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acceptance of pain in neurological disorders: associations with functioning and psychosocial well-being.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabil Psychol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabil Psychol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Activities of Daily Living</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chronic Pain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depressive Disorder</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Illness Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscular Dystrophies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pain Measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of Life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questionnaires</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Adjustment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord Injuries</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013 Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: Chronic pain acceptance has been shown to be related to positive adjustment to chronic pain in patients presenting with pain as a primary problem. However, the role of pain acceptance in adjustment to chronic pain secondary to a neurological disorder that is often associated with physical disability has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to examine whether two domains of chronic pain acceptance--activity engagement and pain willingness--predict adjustment to pain, controlling for pain intensity and key demographic and clinical variables in individuals with muscular dystrophy (MD), multiple sclerosis (MS), post-polio syndrome (PPS), or spinal cord injury (SCI).

METHOD: Participants were 508 community-dwelling adults with a diagnosis of MD, MS, PPS, or SCI who also endorsed a chronic pain problem. Participants completed self-report measures of pain acceptance, quality of life, pain interference, pain intensity, depression, and social role satisfaction.

RESULTS: Hierarchical linear regressions indicated that activity engagement predicted lower pain interference and depression, and greater quality of life and social role satisfaction. Pain willingness predicted less pain interference and depression. Together, the two pain acceptance subscales accounted for more variance in outcomes than did self-reported pain intensity.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings correspond with the broader pain acceptance literature, although activity engagement appears to be a more robust predictor of adjustment than does pain willingness. This research supports the need for future studies to determine the extent to which treatments that increase acceptance result in positive outcomes in persons with chronic pain secondary to neurological disorders.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23437995?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baylor, Carolyn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yorkston, Kathryn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eadie, Tanya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jiseon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, Hyewon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB): item bank calibration and development of a disorder-generic short form.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Speech Lang Hear Res</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disability Evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dysarthria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Head and Neck Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parkinson Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questionnaires</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self Report</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voice Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1190-208</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to calibrate the items for the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB; Baylor, Yorkston, Eadie, Miller, &amp;amp; Amtmann, 2009; Yorkston et al., 2008) using item response theory (IRT). One overriding objective was to examine whether the IRT item parameters would be consistent across different diagnostic groups, thereby allowing creation of a disorder-generic instrument. The intended outcomes were the final item bank and a short form ready for clinical and research applications. METHOD: Self-report data were collected from 701 individuals representing 4 diagnoses: multiple sclerosis, Parkinson&amp;#39;s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and head and neck cancer. Participants completed the CPIB and additional self-report questionnaires. CPIB data were analyzed using the IRT graded response model. RESULTS: The initial set of 94 candidate CPIB items were reduced to an item bank of 46 items demonstrating unidimensionality, local independence, good item fit, and good measurement precision. Differential item functioning analyses detected no meaningful differences across diagnostic groups. A 10-item, disorder-generic short form was generated. CONCLUSIONS: The CPIB provides speech-language pathologists with a unidimensional, self-report outcomes measurement instrument dedicated to the construct of communicative participation. This instrument may be useful to clinicians and researchers wanting to implement measures of communicative participation in their work.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Askew, Robert L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jiseon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chung, Hyewon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cook, Karon F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Kurt L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of a Crosswalk for Pain Interference Measured by the BPI and PROMIS Pain Interference Short Form</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of life research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2769-76</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Introduction:&amp;nbsp; To help researchers in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) take advantage of the measurement properties of the &lt;/span&gt;PROMIS&lt;span&gt; Pain Interference instrument while maintaining continuity with previous research, we developed and tested a crosswalk table to transform Brief Pain Inventory Pain Interference scale (BPI) scores to &lt;/span&gt;PROMIS-PI&lt;span&gt; short form (&lt;/span&gt;PROMIS-PI&lt;span&gt; SF) scores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Methods: The BPI and the PROMIS-PI SF were administered in two studies that included persons with MS. One sample of 369 participants served as a developmental calibration sample, and separate sample of 360 served as a validation sample. The crosswalk development included dimensionality assessment, item-level parameter estimation, and assessment of accuracy. BPI and PROMIS-PI T-scores were obtained from participants&amp;rsquo; item responses, and using the crosswalk table, PROMIS-PI T-scores were derived from responses to the BPI items. Differences between observed and crosswalked T-scores were compared in both samples.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Results: For BPI summary scores ranging from 0 to 10, corresponding T-scores ranged from 38.6 to 81.2. &amp;nbsp;The mean difference between observed and crosswalked T-scores was 0.51 (sd=3.9) in the calibration sample and -1.47 (sd=4.2) in the validation sample. Approximately 80% of crosswalked scores in the calibration sample were within 4 score points of the observed PROMIS-PI SF scores, and 70% were within 4 points in the validation sample. In both samples, the largest differences were at lower levels of the pain interference continuum.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Conclusions: Crosswalked pain interference scores adequately approximated observed PROMIS-PI SF scores in both the calibration and validation samples. Researchers and clinicians interested in adopting the PROMIS instruments can use this table to transform BPI scores to enable comparisons with other studies and to maintain continuity with previous research.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2769</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cook, Karon F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bamer, Alyssa M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, Mark P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Kurt L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Callahan, Leigh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jiseon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keefe, Francis J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revicki, Dennis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roddey, Toni S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of pain behaviors in multiple sclerosis, back pain, and arthritis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of life research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of Life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22298117</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Aims: To compare pain behaviors in three samples: multiple sclerosis (MS), back pain, and arthritis using pain behavior frequency counts (video-taped), and self- and signiﬁcant other (SO)-responses to candidate items for a new pain behavior measure. Methods: A sample of patient/SO pairs (N=620 pairs) completed measures of pain, function, disability, and other pain correlates. In addition, a sample of 30 individuals with back pain, 26 with arthritis, and 30 with MS were videotaped for 10 minutes while sitting, standing, walking, and lying down. Videotapes were coded to obtain pain behavior frequency counts by category (guarding, sighing, bracing, rubbing, and grimacing) and total behavior counts. Results: Mean item responses (1 to 5 response scale) in MS, arthritis, and back pain were, respectively, 2.7 (SD=0.56), 2.7 (SD=0.71), and 3.0 (SD=0.69) Spearman correlation coefﬁcients between patient and SO pain responses were 0.55 (MS), 0.60 (arthritis), and 0.67 (back pain). Mean item score differences between self and SO item scores (1-5 response scale) were highest for persons with arthritis (0.08 higher) and lowest for persons with MS (0.02 higher). Self-reported pain behaviors and pain behavior frequency counts (videotapes) were moderately correlated and varied by item. Items with highest correlations were items about using a cane or other support (0.62), asking for help when walking (0.53), and the item, &amp;ldquo;You could hear it in my voice&amp;rdquo; (0.50). Classes of behaviors most correlated with self-report pain behaviors varied by diagnosis. In the back pain sample, guarding behavior counts had the strongest correlation with self-report (0.50). In the arthritis sample, the highest correlations were between self-reported pain behaviors and guarding (0.47) and total behavior counts (0.53). In the sample with MS, the highest values were for counts of rubbing (0.49) and total behavior counts (0.64). Conclusions: Pain behaviors vary somewhat by diagnosis but there also are substantial similarities. Signiﬁcant others reported higher levels of pain behaviors than were self-reported, but mean differences were less than 1 response category on a 1-5 response scale. The correlations among self-report, SO-report, and frequency counts based on videotaped observations support the validity of candidate items for a new pain behavior measure.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppl 1</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22298117</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bamer, Alyssa M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noonan, Vanessa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lang, Nina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Jiseon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cook, Karon F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparison of the psychometric properties of two fatigue scales in multiple sclerosis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabilitation Psychology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabil Psychol</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-66</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Objective: To compare psychometric functioning of the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS; Krupp, LaRocca, Muir-Nash, &amp;amp; Steinberg, 1989) and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS; MSCCPG, 1998) in a community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Method: A self-report survey including the FSS, MFIS, demographic, and other health measures was completed by 1271 individuals with MS. Analyses evaluated the reliability and validity of the scales, assessed their dimensional structures, and estimated levels of floor and ceiling effects. Item response theory (IRT) was used to evaluate the precision of the MFIS and FSS at different levels of fatigue. Results: Participants had a mean score on the FSS of 5.1 and of 44.2 on the MFIS. Cronbach&amp;#39;s alpha values for FSS and MFIS were all 0.93 or greater. Known-groups and discriminant validity of MFIS and FSS scores were supported by the analyses. The MFIS had low floor and ceiling effects, and the FSS had low floor and moderate ceiling effects. Unidimensionality was supported for both scales. IRT analyses indicate that the FSS is less precise in measuring both low and high levels of fatigue, compared with the MFIS. Conclusions: Researchers and clinicians interested in measuring physical aspects of fatigue in samples whose fatigue ranges from mild to moderate can choose either instrument. For those interested in measuring both physical and cognitive aspects of fatigue, and whose sample is expected to have higher levels of fatigue, the MFIS is a better choice even though it is longer. IRT analyses suggest that both scales could be shortened without a significant loss of precision. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22686554?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Wen-Hung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revicki, Dennis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, Mark P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keefe, Francis J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cella, David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development and Analysis of PROMIS Pain Intensity Scale.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of life research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/content/5h88546t283p1347/fulltext.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Aims: The primary objective of this study is to develop a PROMIS Pain Intensity Scale by evaluating the unidimensionality and completing item calibration of the pain intensity items developed in the PROMIS Wave I study. This document provides a summary of the item selection process based on the results of the conﬁrmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT) analysis. Methods: The PROMIS project is focused on developing item banks and assessment instruments for pain and other patient-reported outcome domains. The draft PROMIS pain related items were developed based on literature reviews, clinician interviews, and qualitative research with patients with pain. In addition to the three item banks related to pain (pain interference, pain quality, and pain behavior), six items were identiﬁed as pain intensity items. The data used in this study included: 1) PROMIS Wave I sample where internet survey data were collected from 838 participants who responded to all six pain intensity items and 5,059 participants who responded to at least one pain intensity item; 2) American Chronic Pain Association (ACPA) sample where 967 participants completed subset of the pain intensity items; and 3) Northwestern University sample where 532 participants completed another subset of the pain intensity items. Participants reporting no pain were excluded from the analysis. We evaluated inter-item correlations, conﬁrmatory factor analysis (CFA), item response theory analysis, and correlations with other PROMIS global items of these six pain intensity items. Results: Inter-item correlation ranges from 0.33 to 0.93. CFA shows good ﬁt of the six items to a unidimensional model: comparative ﬁx index (CFI)=0.989, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI)=0.986, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.093. Based on results of IRT analysis results three items are removed owing to local dependency and model misﬁt. The IRT slope parameters of the three remaining items were 1.84, 3.15, and 4.42. The category threshold parameters ranged from -2.30 to 3.23. Correlation with global pain item is 0.68, and 0.61 with PROMIS global physical health score. Conclusions: The PROMIS pain intensity scale provides a measure of characteristic pain that could be useful in clinical and research settings.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suppl 1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombardier, Charles H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ehde, Dawn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbons, Laura E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft, George H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verrall, Aimee</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of telephone-based physical activity counselling on fatigue, pain, symptoms and quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis and major depression</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.posters2view.com/ectrims2012/view.php?nu=486</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS)</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyon, France</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft, George H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amtmann, Dagmar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Kurt L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weir, Virginia G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verrall, Aimee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bamer, Alyssa M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hidden symptoms of multiple sclerosis increase with patient age</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.posters2view.com/ectrims2012/view.php?nu=187</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS)</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyon, France</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Background: Although many of the more obvious symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), such as weakness, ataxia, and bladder problems, are incorporated into the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), less information is available on the prevalence of &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; manifestations of this disease, such as fatigue, depression, pain, and anxiety. The recent completion of the NIH-funded PROMIS and Neuro-QoL initiatives allow comparison of less apparent symptoms with age-matched norms from a large, industrialized population.&amp;nbsp; The aim of the current study was to compare less apparent symptoms of MS as well as quality of life (QoL) indicators with population norms and to stratify changes in symptom burden with increasing age.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Methods: PROMIS short forms, based on US population norms, on 11 hidden symptoms (fatigue, depression, pain interference, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and wake disturbance) and quality of life indicators (cognitive concerns, executive functioning, physical function, global mental function, and social role) were completed by 1,543 individuals with MS in three cross-sectional surveys.&amp;nbsp; Scores for the overall sample were compared on Neuro-QoL cognitive function.&amp;nbsp; Results in 9 domains from age groups 18-34 (n=104), 35-44 (n=195), 45-54 (n=440), 55-64 (n=544), 65-74 (n=223) and older than 75 (n=37) were compared with PROMIS population norms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Results: When comparing the whole sample to the US population, adults with MS reported significantly higher symptom burden on all 11 domains, (p&amp;lt;0.0001).&amp;nbsp; Depression showed the least difference and physical function the greatest difference. Comparisons to age group norms showed increasing symptom burden in older cohorts.&amp;nbsp; The 18-34 group reported significantly higher levels of fatigue, pain interference, sleep disturbance, and physical function than the corresponding age norm, (p&amp;lt;0.005).&amp;nbsp; Age groups 35-44 and 45-54 reported significantly higher burden on all domains except global mental function while age groups 55-64 and 65-74 reported higher burden on all 9 domains compared with PROMIS population norms (except age group 65-74 reported significantly less sleep disturbance), (p&amp;lt;0.005).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Conclusion:&amp;nbsp; Our findings indicate that most of these less-apparent symptoms increase with age. In particular, physical and mental function and satisfaction with social role decrease while fatigue increases most with age.&amp;nbsp; Older adults living with MS may require targeted health care strategies to optimize quality of life.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kroll, Thilo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratz, Anna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kehn, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, Mark P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groah, Suzanne L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ljungberg, Inger H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molton, Ivan R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombardier, Charles H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perceived exercise self-efficacy as a predictor of exercise behavior in individuals aging with spinal cord injury.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am J Phys Med Rehabil</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged, 80 and over</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Sectional Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exercise</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linear Models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical Exertion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questionnaires</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resistance Training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self Efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord Injuries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wheelchairs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">640-51</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesized association between exercise self-efficacy and exercise behavior, controlling for demographic variables and clinical characteristics, in a sample of individuals with spinal cord injuries. DESIGN: A cross-sectional national survey of 612 community-dwelling adults with spinal cord injury in the United States ranging from 18 to 89 yrs of age was conducted. Sample consisted of 63.1% men with a mean (SD) duration of 15.8 (12.79) yrs postinjury; 86.3% reported using a wheelchair. RESULTS: Self-efficacy was the only independent variable that consistently predicted all four exercise outcomes. Self-efficacy beliefs were significantly related to frequency and intensity of resistance training (R(2) change = 0.08 and 0.03, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.01 for all) and aerobic training (R(2) change = 0.07 and 0.05, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.01 for all), thus explaining between 3% and 8% of the variance. Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that controlling for other demographic and physical capability variables, the age-related variables made statistically significant contributions and explained between 1% and 3% of the variance in aerobic exercise frequency and intensity (R(2) change = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.01 for all). Clinical functional characteristics but not demographic variables explained participation in resistance exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Self-efficacy beliefs play an important role as predictors of exercise. Variations in exercise intensity along the age continuum have implications for exercise prescription and composition. Future research should replicate findings with objective activity measures.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22660368?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, Mark P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molton, Ivan R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groah, Suzanne L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, Margaret L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charlifue, Susan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiodo, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forchheimer, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krause, James S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tate, Denise</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary health conditions in individuals aging with SCI: terminology, concepts and analytic approaches.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">373-8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. OBJECTIVES: Utilizing individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) as a representative population for physical disability, this paper: (1) reviews the history of the concept of secondary conditions as it applies to the health of individuals aging with long-term disabilities; (2) proposes a definition of secondary health conditions (SHCs) and a conceptual model for understanding the factors that are related to SHCs as individuals age with a disability; and (3) discusses the implications of the model for the assessment of SHCs and for developing interventions that minimize their frequency, severity and negative effects on the quality of life of individuals aging with SCI and other disabilities. METHODS: Key findings from research articles, reviews and book chapters addressing the concept of SHCs in individuals with SCI and other disabilities were summarized to inform the development of a conceptual approach for measuring SCI-related SHCs. CONCLUSIONS: Terms used to describe health conditions secondary to SCI and other physical disabilities are used inconsistently throughout the literature. This inconsistency represents a barrier to improvement, measurement and for the development of effective interventions to reduce or prevent these health conditions and mitigate their effects on participation and quality of life. A working definition of the term SHCs is proposed for use in research with individuals aging with SCI, with the goal of facilitating stronger evidence and increased knowledge upon which policy and practice can improve the health and well-being of individuals aging with a disability.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22143678?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groah, Suzanne L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charlifue, Susan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tate, Denise</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, Mark P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molton, Ivan R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forchheimer, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krause, James S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lammertse, Daniel P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, Margaret L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal cord injury and aging: challenges and recommendations for future research.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am J Phys Med Rehabil</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical Research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuity of Patient Care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disabled Persons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forecasting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Injury Severity Score</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-Term Care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Needs Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paraplegia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Practice Guidelines as Topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quadriplegia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord Injuries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-93</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Population aging, caused by reductions in fertility and increasing longevity, varies by country and is anticipated to continue and to reach global proportions during the 21st century. Although the effects of population aging have been well documented for decades, the impact of aging on people with spinal cord injury (SCI) has not received similar attention. It is reasonable to expect that population aging features such as the increasing mean age of the population, share of the population in the oldest age groups, and life expectancy would be reflected in SCI population demographics. Although the mean age and share of the SCI population older than 65 yrs are increasing, data from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center suggest that life expectancy increases in the SCI population have not kept the same pace as those without SCI in the last 15 yrs. The reasons for this disparity are likely multifactorial and include the changing demographics of the SCI population with more older people being injured; susceptibility of people with SCI to numerous medical conditions that impart a health hazard; risky behaviors leading to a disproportionate percentage of deaths as a result of preventable causes, including septicemia; changes in the delivery of health services during the first year after injury when the greatest resources are available; and other unknown factors. The purposes of this paper are (1) to define and differentiate general population aging and aging in people with SCI, (2) to briefly present the state of the science on health conditions in those aging with SCI, and finally, (3) to present recommendations for future research in the area of aging with SCI.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681060?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matsuda, Patricia Noritake</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shumway-Cook, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ciol, Marcia A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombardier, Charles H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kartin, Deborah A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding falls in multiple sclerosis: association of mobility status, concerns about falling, and accumulated impairments.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical therapy</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Ther</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accidental Falls</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accidents, Home</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chi-Square Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Sectional Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fear</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mobility Limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questionnaires</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-Help Devices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">407-15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;BACKGROUND: Falls in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are a serious health concern, and the percentage of people who restrict their activity because of concerns about falling (CAF) is not known. Mobility function and accumulated impairments are associated with fall risk in older adults but not in people with stroke and have not been studied in people with MS. OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were: (1) to estimate the percentage of people who have MS and report falling, CAF, and activity restrictions related to CAF; (2) to examine associations of these factors with fall status; and (3) to explore associations of fall status with mobility function and number of accumulated impairments. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. METHODS: A total of 575 community-dwelling people with MS provided information about sociodemographics, falls, CAF, activity restrictions related to CAF, mobility function, and accumulated impairments. Chi-square statistics were used to explore associations among these factors. RESULTS: In all participants, about 62% reported CAF and about 67% reported activity restrictions related to CAF. In participants who did not experience falls, 25.9% reported CAF and 27.7% reported activity restrictions related to CAF. Mobility function was associated with fall status; participants reporting moderate mobility restrictions reported the highest percentage of falls, and participants who were nonwalkers (ie, had severely limited self-mobility) reported the lowest percentage. Falls were associated with accumulated impairments; the participants who reported the highest percentage of 2 or more falls were those with 10 impairments. LIMITATIONS: This cross-sectional study relied on self-reported falls, mobility, and impairment status, which were not objectively verified. CONCLUSIONS: Both CAF and activity restrictions related to CAF were common in people with MS and were reported by people who experienced falls and those who did not. The association of fall status with mobility function did not appear to be linear. Fall risk increased with declining mobility function; however, at a certain threshold, further declines in mobility function were associated with fewer falls, possibly because of reduced fall risk exposure.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135709?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goetz, Mark C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, Mark P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verrall, Aimee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ehde, Dawn M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bamer, Alyssa M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molton, Ivan R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft, George H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age effects of sleep problems in individuals with multiple sclerosis.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of MS Care</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sleep and MS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ijmsc.org/doi/pdf/10.7224/1537-2073-13.S3.1</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-18</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Background: Sleep disturbances in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are relatively common (ie, with many studies showing prevalence of approximately 50%), and evidence indicates that sleep problems are more common in MS samples than in samples of individuals who do not have MS. There is also evidence among the general population suggesting that sleep problems increase with age. However, previous research suggests that among some disability groups (eg, spinal cord injury) there may be a decline in sleep problems with age. Objectives: Based on previous research, we hypothesized that 1) sleep dysfunction in an MS sample would be greater when compared with a normative sample and 2) an examination of aging variables (chronological age, disability duration, and age at disability onset) would show a negative relationship between chronological age and the severity of sleep disturbance. Methods: A survey was administered to 584 individuals with MS that included measures of demographic characteristics and the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Item Bank. The analytic strategy was based on a Jensen et al. (2009) paper in which a series of multiple regression analyses examined the independent contribution of three age-related variables to sleep problems: chronological age, disability duration, and age at disability onset. Results: Hypothesis 1 was not supported in that comparisons of the MS and normative data on the PROMIS revealed no differences in sleep disruption. Hypothesis 2 was supported in that the findings suggested that younger and middle-aged participants reported more sleep disturbance than did older participants. When controlling for chronological age, disability duration and age at disability onset were not significantly associated with sleep difficulties. Conclusion: One possible explanation for the age effect found is a cohort effect where the older adult groups could potentially include participants who are healthier than the younger participants (ie, health factors associated with sleep disturbance might be related to mortality). It is also possible that age influences or is associated with some third variable that influences sleep quality (eg, employed vs. retired). Longitudinal research following the same group of patients over time is needed to help test these possible explanations.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cook, Karon F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombardier, Charles H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bamer, Alyssa M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choi, Seung W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kroenke, Kurt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fann, Jesse R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Do somatic and cognitive symptoms of traumatic brain injury confound depression screening?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Phys Med Rehabil</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch Phys Med Rehabil</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Injuries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depressive Disorder, Major</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary Health Care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retrospective Studies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">818-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether items of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) function differently in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) than in persons from a primary care sample. DESIGN: This study was a retrospective analysis of responses to the PHQ-9 collected in 2 previous studies. Responses to the PHQ-9 were modeled using item response theory, and the presence of DIF was evaluated using ordinal logistic regression. SETTING: Eight primary care sites and a single trauma center in Washington state. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (N=3365) were persons from 8 primary care sites (n=3000) and a consecutive sample of persons with complicated mild to severe TBI from a trauma center who were 1 year postinjury (n=365). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: PHQ-9. RESULTS: No PHQ-9 item demonstrated statistically significant or meaningful DIF attributable to TBI. A sensitivity analysis failed to show that the cumulative effects of nonsignificant DIF resulted in a systematic inflation of PHQ-9 total scores. Therefore, the results also do not support the hypothesis that cumulative DIF for PHQ-9 items spuriously inflates the numbers of persons with TBI screened as potentially having major depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The PHQ-9 is a valid screener of major depressive disorder in people with complicated mild to severe TBI, and all symptoms can be counted toward the diagnosis of major depressive disorder without special concern about overdiagnosis or unnecessary treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21530731?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Kurt L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Pat A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knaster, Elizabeth S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aging with disability in the workplace.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disability Evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disabled Persons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Employment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Employment, Supported</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple Sclerosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscular Dystrophies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Program Evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of Life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabilitation, Vocational</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord Injuries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Workplace</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">267-79</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Aging with disabilities, such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, and postpolio syndrome, can lead to barriers to participation, including employment barriers. Many individuals develop strategies for overcoming these barriers that may become less successful as they experience more secondary conditions concomitant with the aging process. Rehabilitation professionals can help to overcome barriers to workplace participation and should work with clients to enhance employment outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494276?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, K.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hertz, D.</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alschuler, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stobbe, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Von Geldern, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wundes, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalb, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unruh, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, J.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple Sclerosis Project ECHO:  Outreach to rural providers to provide innovative collaborative training using video conferencing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Meeting  of the National Association of Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers</style></secondary-title></titles><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, K.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stobbe, G.</style></author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hertz, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alschuler, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wundes, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kraft, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unruh, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalb, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Von Geldern, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reynolds, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, J.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple Sclerosis Project Echo:  Outreach to Rural Providers to provide Innovative Collaborative Training Using Video Conferencing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northwest Regional Telehealth Resource Center</style></secondary-title></titles><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record></records></xml>